The Monsoon Cycle Defined

Every summer, southern Asia and especially India, is drenched by rain that comes from moist air masses that move in from the Indian Ocean to the south. These rains  and the air masses that bring them  are known as monsoons. More Than Rain However, the term monsoon refers not only to the summer rains but to the entire cycle that consists of both summer moist onshore winds and rain from the south as well as the offshore dry winter winds that blow from the continent to the Indian Ocean. The Arabic word for season, mawsin, is the origin of the word monsoon due to their annual appearance. Although the precise cause of the monsoons is not fully understood, no one disputes that air pressure is one of the primary factors. In the summer, a high-pressure area lies over the Indian Ocean while a low exists over the Asian continent. The air masses move from the high pressure over the ocean to the low over the continent, bringing moisture-laden air to south Asia. Other Monsoon Areas During winter, the process is reversed and a low sits over the Indian Ocean while a high lies over the Tibetan plateau so air flows down the Himalaya and south to the ocean. The migration of trade winds and westerlies also contributes to the monsoons. Smaller monsoons take place in equatorial Africa, northern Australia, and, to a lesser extent, in the southwestern United States. Almost half of the worlds population lives in areas affected by the monsoons of Asia and most of these people are subsistence farmers, so the coming and goings of the monsoon are vital to their livelihood to grow food to feed themselves. Too much or too little rain from the monsoon can mean disaster in the form of famine or flood. The wet monsoons, which begins almost suddenly in June, are especially important to India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar (Burma). They are responsible for almost 90 percent of Indias water supply. The rains usually last until September.

Conflict Between Greek and Gothic Revival - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3089 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Architecture Essay Tags: Conflict Essay Did you like this example? The Greek Revival and the Gothic Revival are terms that carry specific meanings in relation to the history of architecture. What did they represent at the time and what was the nature of the conflict between the respective adherents? The Gothic Revival represented chiefly two things: firstly, in its earlier form, it was a Romantic celebration in stone of the spirit and atmosphere of the Middle Ages; secondly, in its later and more serious form, the Gothic Revival reflected the architectural and philosophical conviction of its exponents that the moral vigour of the Middle Ages was reflected in its Gothic architecture, and that the reintroduction of this Gothic style of architecture to eighteenth-century society could re-invigorate it morally. Neo-Gothic architecture in its earlier forms, typified by buildings such as Horace Walpoles Strawberry Hill, was characterized by a highly ornamental, decadent, visually powerful and intricate style; and, what is more, a style that cared little for functionalism or strict adherence to specific structures. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Conflict Between Greek and Gothic Revival" essay for you Create order By these characteristics Neo-Gothic architecture encapsulated the Romantic literary and poetic spirit of the age, as had been evinced in the works of men like Horace Walpole, Alfred Tennyson and Sir Walter Scott. In this sense, the Neo-Gothic was a nostalgic and sentimental backward glance. In a different sense the Gothic Revival represented the attempt of certain architects and churchmen to transfer the liturgical vigour of Gothic churches of the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century by capturing it in stone. Thus men like Augustus Pugin and John Ruskin came to argue that the Gothic Revival represented a standard of moral excellence that was to be practised and imitated as widely as possible. The Greek Revival grew out of the neoclassicism movement, and represented in essence an attempt by its adherents to find in the architecture of antiquity a form of architecture that corresponded to the principles of reason and order emerging from their own Age of Reason and Enlightenmen t. Neoclassicism, and the Greek Revival in particular, represented a pursuit for architectural and intellectual truth. An architect could perceive in the forms of antiquity principles of excellent reasoning and intelligence that prevailed in the rationalistic spirit of his own age, and by reinvigorating the ancient style the neoclassical architect could build buildings that were inspired by and inspired in others principles of reason and rationality. Neoclassicism and the Greek Revival conflicted with the Gothic Revival because they perceived the moral truths claimed by the Gothic revivalists as chiefly illusory and false. The Gothic Revival was, in the neo-classicists eyes, a decadent celebration of style over substance that elevated illusion and ornament above reason and truth. Neo-Gothic architects were seemingly content to produce endless copies and weak imitations of Gothic style merely to please frivolous aristocrats; neo-classicists however believed that their architec ture was a creative act that gave birth to constantly new adaptations of the classical model. Neo-Gothic architects in turn conflicted with neoclassicism because it was cold and devoid of emotion, feeling or moral purpose; its elite attitude rendered any collaboration between the two styles most difficult. Art historians divide the Gothic Revival into two stages, and each of these stages came to represent quite different ideas. The first stage of the Gothic revival was characterized a raw and naive imitation of Gothic architecture that lacked either an architectural philosophy or a coherent system of organization. The first building of this early type was Lord Horace Walpoles villa Strawberry Hill which was built in 1747; another prominent early specimen was Fonthill Abbey designed and built by James Wyatt. Both of these buildings, in the spirit of Walpoles atmospheric novel Castle of Otranto (Walpole, 2004), were attempts to preserve in stone the Romantic atmosphere of the Middle Ages; both also demonstrated perhaps more clearly than any other buildings of this time the impracticality and lack of structure of much Neo-Gothic building. This first flourishing of Neo-Gothic architecture was extended into the public sphere also: for instance in the new Houses of Parliament designed and built by Sir Charles Barry and A.W. Pugin. In America too, this nascent Neo-Gothic style was reflected in buildings such as Richard Upjohns Trinity Church built in New York in 1840 and Renwicks St. Patricks Cathedral also built in New York. The picturesque quality and organization of many of these buildings led to applause for its Romantic splendour, but also much criticism for its lack of substance and for its unfaithful imitation of the original Gothic form. If the first stage of the Gothic Revival lacked diligent observation and restoration of Gothic architecture or philosophical principles, then serious efforts were made at the turn of the century to ground the movement more securely upon such principles. The late period of Neo-Gothic is thus characterized by a stricter adherence to medieval architectural form and to a philosophical interpretation that viewed Gothic architecture as a paragon of moral virtue and excellence. In England two men were of foremost importance in the development of this second stage: A. Pugin and J. Ruskin. (In France, Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Due played an equally important role). By this time, architects were no longer content to merely imitate Gothic forms and designs, but sought to create original works founded upon the principles of the original Gothic architecture and which fitted to the particular circumstances of nineteenth-century society. Thus at the turn of the nineteenth-century it is possible to observe a clear evolution in the form of the Gothic Revival away from the loose sentimentality and picturesque quality of the early period and towards a style of dominated by precise architectural limitation of Gothic form as made possible by detailed and comprehensive investigations into this style. One such early investigation was John Carters The Ancient Architecture of England (Carter, 1795) which was the first work that recorded with extensive detail and exactitude the Gothic style of medieval buildings; Thomas Rickmans An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture (Rickman, 1817) gave an extensive account of the varieties of Gothic styles, whilst Pugins Specimens of Gothic Architecture (Pugin,1821) deepened and extended the range and accuracy of these initial investigations. Nonetheless, despite the great advances that had been made in the scholarship of the Gothic Revival, the actual building of Gothic buildings remained for some time in the earlier ornamental style that characterized the first period of the movement famous examples being Windsor Castle which was restored in 1824 by Sir Jeffrey Wyatville, and Kings College Cambridge in 1827to 18 31. The greatest use of the Neo-Gothic style at this time was however for church buildings the style being cheaper and easier to construct than neoclassical designs. For all the diligent and pain-staking work of the Gothic Revival scholars to come to life in actual buildings it took the skill and vision of one particular man. This man was Augustus Charles Pugin: he presented the argument that Neo-Gothic architectural style was the most fitting emblem of the spirit of the Catholic Church and so was also therefore the only permissible architectural form to express the work of Godin his Church. In Contrasts (1836) Pugin argued that architectural form imitates the condition of the society that creates it; since the society of medieval times was a paragon of virtue and moral integrity then it was natural and obvious that Gothic architecture is the most moral form of architecture. Thus in The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (1841) Pugin was able to set down co mprehensive and coherent principles for the justification of the Gothic Revival. In a major step away from the earlier decadence or the style, Pugin argued that all features and designs of a church must be essential for its correct functioning and structural shape; architecture form must be clean and purposeful since these are also the qualities that we expect of our moral condition. Pugin put this architectural philosophy into practice most assiduously in the years 1837 to 1844: in St Marys Church in Derby, in St. Wilfreds Church in Manchester and in St. Oswalds Church in Liverpool and many other church buildings. Pugins work quickly became an inspiration for Anglican Church reformers such as the Tractarians in Oxford who used his architectural church style as an ideal form by which to carry out their own agenda of church building restoration. It should be noted here that Pugins work as well as that of many other architects across Britain and Europe was profoundly influenc ed by the ideas of John Ruskin and his two seminal works The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) and The Stones of Venice (Ruskin,1854). Ruskins ideas were inspired by the architectural forms that he had seen in Italy and particularly in Venice; Ruskin thus argued that Gothic was the supreme form of architecture due to the sacrifice made by stonemasons in detailing every stone of a building. Ruskin thus exalted Doges Palace as the central building in the world (Ruskin, 1854) arguing that Pugins programme of Gothic Revival in churches should be extended to government buildings also. Moreover, Ruskin himself by his teachings extended the Gothic Revival further by promoting a polychromatic style of work inspired by Italian Gothic architecture. This work in turn inspired buildings such as Butterfields All Saints Church, Keble College in Oxford and Rugby School. In short, by the end of the eighteenth century the Gothic Revival had been transformed from what began as a Romantical ly inspired fondness for majestic ornamentalism, into a style of architecture grounded upon powerful moral and philosophical principles as well as an intricate and comprehensive awareness of Gothic form. The Greek Revival, a growth out of the neoclassicism movement, flourished in the years 1750-1830, and was in many ways the antithesis of the Neo-Gothic form of architecture with which it was contemporaneous. As we have seen, whatever its later manifestations, the Gothic Revival had been a product of Romanticism and of the passions and emotions; the Greek Revival, in complete contrast, exalted reason, the intellect and rationality above all else. Neoclassicism sought as its highest aim to realize architectural and intellectual purity and truth in stark contrast to what it perceived to be the ornamentalism and illusory truth of the Neo-Gothic style. Neo-classicism was founded upon a corpus of work that had in antiquity achieved canonical status, that is, it was based upon t he observation of classic art and classic form. In the words of Crook (1995) Ideally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and neoclassicism is essentially an art of the ideal an artist, well-schooled and comfortably familiar with the canon, does not repeat in a lifeless reproductions, but synthesizes the tradition anew in each work . In other words, neoclassicism of which the Greek Revival was to become the most refined example sought the highest possible levels of artistic achievement; the neo-classicist style existed only to reinterpret for contemporary circumstances the great work and principles that had already been achieved in the past. Thus, in Crooks words (1995), Neoclassicism exhibits perfect control of an idiom (Crook,1995); that is perfection already achieved, the architects task is to fit that perfection of antiquity in a modern cast. All of these above points are significant for understanding the opposition of architects of the Greek Revival against the Gothic Revival. For , in the beginning, much of Neo-Gothic architecture consisted of little more than crude and naive imitations of far superior original Gothic works. Thus in such imitation work there was no creativity and no continuation of the development of an existing idiom. Thus Neo-Gothic form was viewed by Greek revivalists as superfluous and as inferior to their own architectural pursuits. The emergence of the Greek Revival was made possible by an astonishing efflorescence of archaeological exploration into the sites and cultures of classical Rome and Greece around the middle of the eighteenth century. The discoveries of the archaeologists inspired and sustained the Greek revival. In 1719 Bernard de Montfaucons released his giant ten-volume opus Antiquity Explained and Represented in Diagrams (Montfaucon, 1719). This book was hugely popular and intrigued the imaginations hundreds and thousands of European tourists who began to flock to the sites of ancient Rome and Greece. Furthermore , the sensational excavations of cities like Pompeii and Herculaneum in 1748 and 1738 further fuelled the imaginations of architects, archaeologists, novelists and many others. Many other works on classical art and architecture such as Giovanni PiranesisPrima Parte di Architecttura, Robert Woods Ruins of Palmyra (1753) and Robert Adams Ruins of the Temple of the Emperor Diocletian (Adams, 1764)were soon published and led to still further thousands going on adventures to the Continent. This general interest in classical antiquity quickly transformed in the eighteenth century into a burst of fascination with Greek antiquities in particular and displayed a conviction as to the superiority of Greek above Roman architecture. The discovery of the sixth-century ruins of Paestrum received much publicity and was recorded by Italian artist Domenico Antonini and French architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot; soon afterwards Pancrazi published his seminal Antichita Siciliane and Dumont rele ased his Ruins de Paestrum. Deeper investigation into the Greek mainland territory led James Stuart and Nicholas Revett to publish The Antiquities of Athens (Stuart Revett, 1750) which was highly influential upon architects in England. Whilst it took some time for this appreciation of Greek form to be turned into actual imitative buildings nonetheless the superiority of Greek to Roman architecture had been established by the time of Johan Winckelmanns Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks in 1765. Thus architects of the Greek Revival sought to infer from these classical forms principles of order and reason that corresponded to those being discovered in their own age of Enlightenment; neoclassical architects argued that if their own buildings came to embody these principles then society at large would be edified by the experience. Nonetheless, the Greek Revival, like Neoclassicism generally, contained an inherent paradox. Its longing backward-stare to the times of antiquity was inspired by as much by an emotional fondness for antiquity (supposedly the characteristic of the Romantic Gothic Revival) as a predilection for principles of pure reason and rationality. Thus some twentieth century arthistorians have come to speak of this aspect of the Greek Revival as Romantic Classicism (Stillman, 1998). After 1800, in England, the internal dynamics of Neoclassicism directed the movement away from Roman architecture and toward that of ancient Greece as such, a huge number of buildings were built in these years according to the architectural principles of ancient Greece. Sir John Soane, the architect of the Bank of England, developed a highly influential architectural style that involved promoting the linear abstraction of classical Greek forms and, by using extensive archaeological evidence to inform the designs of patterns, he achieved a spectacular dramatization of the interior spaces of his buildings a style reminiscent of Etie nne-Louis Boullee and Claude-Nicholas Ledoux on the continent. A prominent example of this new style in England was Downing College, Cambridge, modelled upon the Erechtheum from the Acropolis in Athens. The Covent Garden Theatre in London, built by Sir Robert Smirke, was the first Doric style building in the capital; the planning of Regent Street as well as Regent Street Park by John Nash reflected the use of classical Greek styles of city planning and organization. So too the British Museum in London built in 1847 is perhaps the most prominent example of ionic Greek imitation in Britain. In Edinburgh named admiringly the Athens of the North by locals at the time the Greek Revival was extremely influential in the eighteenth century, as shown in buildings such as the Royal High School and the Royal Scottish Academy. The dominance of Greek neoclassical architecture would dominate the British landscape until the advent of Modernism in the twentieth century. In the final anal ysis, even if it is paradoxical to say so in light of the sustained conflict that existed between them, both the Gothic Revival and Greek Revival had similar goals, and used similar means to attain those goals. The Gothic Revival began life as a celebration of the spirit and forms of a time other than its own: the Middle Ages. So too, the Greek Revival was engendered by a renascent fascination with classical archaeology and the Greek Revivals preoccupation was with the ideals and forms of ancient Greece somewhere even more removed than Medieval Europe! The Greek Revival ultimately represented an attempt to renew and reinvigorate the classical Greek belief in the purity and perfection of architectural form and its corresponding revelation of truth. It was thus no coincidence that the spirit of the neoclassical age was also dominated by the Enlightenment and the Age of Reason. The Greek Revival thus cast the ancient principles of classical Greece in the mould of eighteenth cent ury rationality; the aim here, like with the later Gothic Revival, being to produce a form of architecture that would edify society. The bitter conflict between the Gothic Revival and the Greek Revival can be explained simply by the fact that each were prepossessed by attitudes quite contrary to the other: one exalting reason and order, the other passion and emotion. Both revivals were each consumed in the whirlwind of their own zeitgeist and only with retrospect and the other advantages of history is it possible show the equal validity of their separate truths. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adam, R. (1764). Ruins of the Temple of the Emperor Diocletian. Graham Henry, London. Atterbury, P. (1996). A.W.N. Pugin: Master of the Gothic Revival. Yale University Press, Yale. Carter, J. (1795). The Ancient Architecture of England. Sawsbury Press, Sawsbury. Crook, J.M. (1995). The Greek Revival: Neoclassical Attitudes in British Architecture 1760-1870. John Murray, London. Eastlake, C.L. (1970). A History of the Gothic Revival. Leicester University Press, Leicester. Ferguson, F.G. (1973). The Neo-Classical Architecture of James Wyatt. Harvard University Press, Massachusetts . Hamlin, T. (1946). Greek Revival Architecture in America. Open University Press, London. Montfaucon, B. (1719). Antiquity Explained and Represented in Diagrams. London. Pugin, A, P. (1821). Specimens of Gothic Architecture. Nattali Press, London. Pugin, P,A. (1836). Contrasts. Peter Cough Books, London. Pugin, P,A. (1844). The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architect ure. Berry Press, Burnside. Rickman, T. (1817). An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture. Threebells Press, Glasgow. Ruskin, J. (1849). The Seven Lamps of Architecture. Trent House Press, London. Ruskin, J. (1854). The Stones of Venice. Trent House Press, London. Stillman, D. (1998). English Neo-Classical Architecture Vol.1. W Zwemmer, London. Stuart, J. Revett, N.(1750). The Antiquities of Athens. Dasterfield Press, Bedford. Walpole, H. (2004). The Castle of Otranto. David Charles, Newton Abbott. Wiebenson, D. (1969). Sources of Greek Revival Architecture. A Zwemmer, London. Winckelman, J. (1765). Reflections on the Paintings and Sculptures of the Greeks. John Paul, Edinburgh. Wood, R. (1753). Ruins of Palmyra. Falstaff Press, Dublin.

Our Affect on the Enviornment Free Essays

string(43) " promotes the well being of our community\." Semester Draft Kankakee Island â€Å"Here is your country. Cherish these natural wonders, cherish the natural resources, cherish the history and romance as a sacred heritage, for your children and your children’s children. Do not let selfish men or greedy Interests skin your country of Its beauty, Its riches or Its romance. We will write a custom essay sample on Our Affect on the Enviornment or any similar topic only for you Order Now † – Theodore Roosevelt. In my own words I think Theodore Roosevelt implies that we need to be grateful for the natural wonders the earth has given us and the history it has behind it, to be considerate ND think about the future generations of the planet. If the ignorance of selfish people destroys your home, do not let them. It is too valuable. Our limitations have escaped us and we are now crossing the threshold of what our Earth can handle. By that I mean we are Impacting and absorbing more than what the Earth can handle: depletion of resources, environmental disasters, ecological instability, and climate change. We need to set ourselves boundaries in order to keep our planet prosperous. Ignorance and the lack of self control are what push our agenda to doomsday on this dutiful planet of ours that much sooner. I think some people Just don’t realize the condition our planet is in and think to themselves, â€Å"How does this affect me? Why do I care? I have a house, a Job, I make my own money, and no one pays my bills? ‘ This inconsiderate attitude towards our society Is what will hinder the well being of our planet, country, state, city, down to the individual. This is our home and we need to start treating it how it deserves to be treated. We hurt the environment in more ways than you could possibly imagine. Misguided construction, irrigation and mining can face the natural landscape and disrupt important ecological processes. Aggressive fishing and hunting can deplete entire stocks of species. Human migration can introduce competitors to native food chains. Greed can lead to catastrophic accidents and laziness to environmentally destructive practice. For example, It’s dinnertime but, there’s no food in the house, so you get in your car and drive to the grocery store. You walk down the aisles browsing for something to buy. You pick up chicken and a salad, and then return home to enjoy your meal. Consider the ways your simple trip to the racket affected the environment. Driving to and from the store contributed carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The electricity required to light the store was powered by coal. The salad Ingredients were grown on a farm treated with pesticides. Getting the goods to the store required trucks, trains and more trucks, all of which emitted carbon. This is why I would love to have my own country, where people with the same ideologies can gather and discuss about any problems. Everyone will have a voice. My own country will be secluded. It will be an island not surrounded by any other countries. The island is small compared to other Islands. The weather is tropical like. There are beaches, rainforest’s, hills, and volcanoes. The population Is about 10,000 houses have built in solar panels since it’s almost always sunny there. Solar panels will be a big commodity in my country. According to Harry T. Roman from Business Source Elite, â€Å"a well designed solar system can last for more than 20 years. It doesn’t create any source of pollution, its quiet, and the sun’s energy is free of course. † Harnessing the energy of the sun would greatly impact our society and evidently make our lives and the environment better. Every house would have its own little power source instead of a coal powered plant for a whole city. My main focus is energy conservation and the consequences it would have on the environment. Another alternative energy I have in mind is building large underwater turbines that could harness the endless power of waves. Imagine that. It would be like the giant turbines you see in other cities that are wind powered but these are under water. It could probably be connected to some sort of transformer and from there be transferred to businesses, restaurants, and other public places. We can also use thermal energy since there’s a volcano on the island. The Union of Concerned Scientists references indicate that â€Å"below the Earth’s crust, there is a layer of hot and molten rock called magma. Heat is continually produced there, mostly from the decay of naturally radioactive materials such as uranium and potassium. The most common current way of capturing the energy from geothermal sources is to tap into naturally occurring â€Å"hydrothermal convection† systems where cooler water seeps into Earth’s crust, is heated up, and then rises to the surface. When heated water is forced to the reface, it is a relatively simple matter to capture that steam and use it to drive electric generators. Geothermal power plants drill their own holes into the rock to more effectively capture the steam. † The Union of Concerned Scientists also states that, â€Å"many regions of the world are already tapping geothermal energy as an affordable and sustainable solution to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, global warming, and public health risks that result from their use. For example, more than 8,900 megawatts (MM) of large, utility-scale geothermal capacity in 24 countries now reduce enough electricity to meet the annual needs of nearly 12 million typical U. S. Households. † Geothermal energy is definitely the way to go. It can produce vast amounts of energy to the whole country in a non-polluting way. Another implement my city will have is composting. Stainlessness’s. Com expresses that â€Å"compost is created by the decomposition of organic matter such as yard waste. Compost systems confine compost so that it can receive air and create suitable temperatures for proper decomposition into fertilizer. † It’s sort of another way to recycle; putting sack our waste into the Earth in a harmless way that promotes the well being of our community. You read "Our Affect on the Enviornment" in category "Papers" Stainlessness’s. Com also implies that compost waste results in â€Å"saving landfill space, saving energy for transporting material, and the creation of a high quality fertilizer at the location where it can be used (thereby again saving energy). In addition, plastic garbage bags are also saved. Our island will not waste any resources if they absolutely cannot be used again. Our island’s main economic income, being that it’s a tropical island, grows lush vegetation and other crops. Coconut, banana, sugar, bamboo, rice, pineapple, cocoa beans, are the most important crops we grow. It’s what we live off of. Ther e is also a fishing company at the island which goes out and gathers only the fish the island needs. They do it once companies are well known in our island mainly for their mutual, social, and economic benefit. Trade is also practiced in some of the villages around the island as well. We also do not grow our crops with pesticides! On the island we are all aware of the devastation and corruption pesticides do. Everything is grown organically and nothing is tampered with. Raucousness’s. Org states that â€Å"at the systems level, organic agriculture that builds soil and encourages biodiversity delivers more diverse/profound benefits and ecological services than farming which amounts to ‘agricultural sacrifice areas’ divorced from their geological surroundings†, which would be superb for our environment. Mostly everyone travels on bikes or walks being that the country is small. Only some people own cars, and some of those cars are hybrids, which are imported. On our island some resources are abundant. Metals such as, steel, aluminum, copper, etc, are scarce. Importing these goods is vital for building our city structures and public facilities. Most of the houses are built with a combination of bamboo found on the island, clay, some wood, and steel. The AC is powered by our water from the ocean or from geothermal power. Land lines are needed also to use phone service. Internet service requires people to go to the highest elevation and is limited due to the higher cost. But steel is required to build some of these utilities so we must import at times. There are various social services and recreation activities to do around the island as well. Some of the social services include: hospitals, police station, a community center, market/ trade center, a community college, and some restaurants. Those are all located in the downtown area, which is small. There are many things to do for recreation on Kankakee Island. Surfing is a big hit on the island. There’s also biking riding, going to the beach, fishing, and hiking. People also go on nature walks. They usually go to the rainforest’s, meditate, smoke, and connect with nature. The people of Kankakee are very nature oriented and have a strong spiritual connection with nature itself. There are also events celebrating nature. People Join in dance, smoke herb, eat fruits and vegetables, and praise that their island is the way it is: sustainable and peaceful. Kankakee Island was founded by a husband and wife named George Kankakee and Donna Kankakee in the sass’s. George and Donna used to live in the crowded city of Los Angles. George was an architect and Donna was an environmental scientists. They had the typical American life but hated the city they lived in. They didn’t like the crowdedness and state the city was in (environmentally wise). So George and Donna decided to do something bold in their lives. They wanted to stand for something they and thousands of people believed in. They wanted their own country where it could be sustainable and all the people that lived in their country had the same ideas. So they sold their house, located an island in international waters with some help of peers, and started to look into making it their home and to the home of now 10,000 people come alive. The only way to get to the island is by ship or boat so they set course for the island and were at sea for quite some time. They first had to go to the island and spend some time there to see what it was like. They first observed what resources the island had and experimented with these resources to see which can be sustainable. Being that George was an architect and Donna an environmental community. They started doing research and came up with alternative energy systems that would do no harm to the environment and would still be classified as a livable place. After that, they started to gather up materials, team up with colleagues that would help them in exchange to live on the island, and started to build their own community. Word then got out of the island and people with similar backgrounds in science, math, and business asked if they can settle on the island. From there the community started growing and more sophisticated structures and alternative energies were being built. Kankakee Island was now a livable environment. To conclude, Kankakee Island will be one of the most diverse places in the world to live. It has many benefits to any individual that has the right state of mind for the environment. Lush fields of vegetables and plenty of fruit grown organically with no pesticides will make any one happy. Alternative resources harvest the purest forms of sustainable energy on Earth. Using solar, geothermal, and water, we can expand our ideas and create a better life for all of us and our planet. We can show off to the rest of the world what a magnificent Job we’ve done and can serve as an example to some of the countries in need of an environmental safeguard. Humanity and nature can coalesce into one and start working for each other instead of fighting against it. Not Just the island, but also the people itself; 10,000 conscious individuals doing their part in a systemic community. Kankakee Island is the perfect example of the most perfect place to live. 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Analysis and Design of Distributed Pair Programming System

Question: Create a Systems Analysis and Design (SAD) portfolio for either a real or fictional small business entity (SBE) or non-profit organisation (NPO) by presenting a comprehensive SAD report? Answer: Introduction Wiggle ltd is an e-retail company of UK that sells bikes and sporting goods. This company was started with a small independent bike shop and later on spread their business with online accessories. The e-commerce business of Wiggle ltd has become a leading supplier company who supplies to triathlon, running and cycling. It is a good brand for the accessories of the car, cycling and the gyms of the modern cultures. A turnover report of 140 in 2012 is noticed in the Wiggle ltd and the growth of near 20percent of global economy has occurred. The best market of the Wiggle Company regarding to the growth of economy was noticed in Asia, Europe and Australia (Stewart, 2011). There are about 70 million visitors and about 3 million orders dispatches in the year of Olympic. There are several sites of Wiggle in the server and also several advertising sites. The products of the company available in the online shop are such as bikes, shoes, audio equipments, bags, books and other accessories of th e cars, cycle and gyms. As an e-retailer company there are several requirements in case of expanding their business in the field of online business. In case of expanding the business, they need to provide new and modern products to the customers. The company required to review their products and also if possible renew them. The feedback of the customers is required to collects in time to time and should apply those feedbacks and make new products according to those requirements. The company should require targeting the market needs and focusing on the products and services to the customers. Also the company required to focus on the revenue that are generated in the past years and present years and required to compare those ratios to estimate the further cost structure. Wiggle planned to modify their products of bicycle accessories and seek new growths. Customers required high quality products as they worry more about their health then the parts of the cycles, bikes and cars and also the do not compromise their products with costs. Wiggle became UKs largest online bicycle seller company for the last few years but also it is required to make some changes according to the needs of the market to keep growing. They are required to collects the all the feedbacks of the customers from the social networking site as it is the best place to get the feedback (Stewart, 2011). Company should implements new technologies to extract the information of the customers for further growth. To successfully handle the data of the business in the wiggle company, it is required to implement the big data and the cloud system in their operational system. Communication Building and Information Gathering For the successful data handling, company required to make different plans in their business strategy. In case of gathering different information of the customers, stakeholder and the employees of the company, it is required to plan an effective communicative workflow and a data workflow in the business. Communicative workflow is required to analyze and design the business process in the virtual world i.e. in the online business. To build the communication plan it is required to interact with the customers and the employees of the company. The feedbacks of the customers are required to collect and the best ways of gathering the customers feedback is from the social network sites. Company can use the big data technology in their business to extract information of the customers from the social sites (Tian, 2012). It is also essential to instant reply to the customers queries in the companys sites. The interaction with the customers can be done through the emails, SMS and messaging syst em. Also it is required to plan the workflow of data in the business to keep track the requirement of the business time to time. The data workflow can be plan from the information of the present products and the products that are to be required to manufacture in the business. It is required to keep track of all the information of the products that are sold in the past years and the products that are to be manufactured in the present years. Also the maintenance of the records regarding to the manufactured products and the demand of the customers are required. The ratio of the dataflow of the past and the present years should be noted. It will help to estimate the cost and the types of products that will required in the future. To design the system successfully, it is required to collects all the information of the communicative workflow and the data workflow in the business (Tian, 2012). This information will help the organization to calculate the past performance of the company and also to estimate the future requirements of the company. Cloud system can use in the system of Wiggle company to store the information of the different workflow of the business. It can also used to store the information and the feedback of the customers so that there will be no problem in extracting any of the information anytime from anywhere. Trust management Thrust management is very essential in the companies to secure the internet policies of the company. The security system should be maintained in the wiggle ltd in case of accessing the data from the internet. Standard and the general purpose mechanism should be provided to specify the credentials and the security policy applications. There five basic components of the trust management system: Actions Actions are the operations that are required to control the security of the company in the e-retail business. As all the information of the products and the services are provided in the internet, there should be a strong security system to protect the internal information of the Wiggle Company from other competitors (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2012). Also there is information of the regular customer of the company which are required to be secure otherwise the trust of the customers will be break from the organization. Principals The Wiggle Company should identify the principals of the company that are required to authorize the taken actions. The security system provided in the server of the company should be managed by the IT specialist of the company. The https security should be implemented in the server so that nothing can be hacked (Schirner, 2013). Only the information of the products and information related to the products should be available in the website. None of the internal information should be provide in the server. Policies Policies should be maintained to authorize the principles of the wiggle company. The investigation should be done to know the requirements of the customers which are required to provide in the websites. The information provided in the server should be according to the investigated results. Credentials All the actions, principals and the policies that are to be taken should be done with the advice of the trustees (Park and Rim, 2012). If the actions are approve by the trustees then only it should taken. The principals should be authorized only if it meets the requirement of the customers. Compliance checker The task of the compliance checker is to determine the actions that are requested by the principals and are required to be handled. They are also responsible for polices needed to be taken and to set the credentials (Leva et al., 2012.). Wiggle Company required following all the requirements of the company along with the requirements of the customers regarding to the products and the services of the organization. In the e-commerce business of the Wiggle Company, the approaches of the trust managements are very essential in case of maintaining the security policies of the server of the organization. The trust management has great advantages in the mechanism of the authorization control in the Wiggle Company. System Security Analysis and Design It is required to analyze the security system that can be implemented in the business of the Wiggle Company. Before implementing new security system it is required to determine the current security of the system and find the gaps that are presents in the existing system. The security of the server of the company is required so that no one can steal the internal information of the products and use it in other organization (kumar, 2014). It will provide a bad impression to the customers of the company. Also in the e-commerce business, customers are required to pay for the products online. There should be a proper security to the information of the debit card and the credit card numbers of the customers so that they should not face any problem regarding to their account in future (Killingsworth, 2011). The system should be design so that all the internal data regarding to the information of the customers and the information regarding to the data of the company and the products can be secure. The information of the products should be schedule which contain when the product should be implemented, manufactured and will be ready to release in the market. Investigate: An investigation is done regarding to the requirements of the customers. Information: Gather the information of the customers interest about the products and the new fashion of the market. Design: Implement the information to design the products. The design should be implementing to produce the product (Glover et al., 2010). Manufacturing: After designing of the products, manufacture is started. All the requirements of the customers should be implements in the manufacturing of the products. Implementation: After manufacture, the products are implemented in their server. The advertising is done in the websites of the company. Feedback: The feedback of the customers should be collected from the social site and the comments that are provided by the customers in the company websites. Also along all these step it is also required to make a proper schedule of the products, time and the cost of the production (Du, 2012). The Wiggle Company should get the feedback of the customers from the sports and the Olympic Games that are recently completed and get the information about their products that are used in the sports. Also the company is required to maintain a data storage policy in their business. They are required to store the past data and compare the ratio of the past data with the present data to estimate the future requirements. Also the duration of the maintenance of the products should be calculated (Dou, 2010). The products of the Wiggle Company such as bikes, cars and their accessories should be regularly maintained according to the requirements of the customers. Figure: Communication Process in Wiggle Company Self-Reflective Commentary In the e-retail business, the creation of the SAD portfolio is very much essential to improve the business of the company. I have to search several site and also do many question to the employees and the managers of the company to get the information of the products and the services of the company. The lists of the products that are manufactured in the Wiggle ltd Company are gathered from the shopping websites of the company (Diniz, et al., 2010). Also the comments of the customers are collected from the many other site of the company to get the feedback of the customers. After finishing the projects, I though the project is successful. I succeeded in searching all the information of the company and produce the portfolio. The project can be helpful for the other e-retail business also who are willing to enhance their products throughout the world. Also I think that the project can be made more prominent by direct questioning to the customers and the employees of the company. It will provide me more information about the company business (Dennis, et al., 2012). If I will get one more chance to do the project then I will do all the required parts that I cannot do in this assignment. Also I will gather the feedback from the customers by questioning them through their social networking sites and will use that information in my work. Conclusion In this particular assignment it is cleared that to provide a system analysis and design to the Wiggle ltd it is required to investigate about the interest and the requirements of the customers from the information that can be gather from the social sites and the comments posted on the websites (Chiang, et al., 2011). The e-retail business required to make strong the security system of the company. Also it is required to integral the internal data of the company and schedules the requirements of the e-business of the Wiggle Company. Reference List: Chiang, R., Siau, K. and Hardgrave, B., 2011. Systems analysis and design. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Dennis, A., Wixom, B. and Roth, R., 2012. 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